There are thirteen species of genus Sciuro-hypnum in the Russian bryoflora: S. altaicum, S. brotheri, S. curtum, S. flotowianum, S. glaciale, S. latifolium, S. oedipodium, S. ornellanum, S. plumosum, S. populeum, S. reflexum, S. starkei, and S. uncinifolium. Hypnum jeniseense is synonymized with Sciuro-hypnum reflexum. Morphological descriptions and distribution of taxa are given. Analysis of nuclear ITS1-2 data demonstrates the distinct segregation of three groups within the genus: (1) S. brotheri, S. flotowianum, S. plumosum, S. populeum, S. uncinifolium; (2) S. curtum; and, (3) S. latifolium, S. oedipodium, S. ornellanum, S. glaciale, S. reflexum, S. starkei. In the last group, the variability is very low and species differ from each other by just one substitution in nrITS, or are totally identical in this spacer.