Hedenäs, L. & I. Bisang. Are morphology and environment
correlated with male dwarfism in pleurocarpous
mosses?
Arctoa
(2015) 24: 362-374
doi: 10.15298/arctoa.24.29
Dwarf
males in mosses are restricted to certain lineages and have been proposed to be
associated with epiphytism and subtropical
environments. Here we explore which morphological and environmental
characteristics are associated with male dwarfism in a set of 528 pleurocarpous mosses that represent the different lineages,
habitats, and climatic conditions found in the world. We evaluate differences
in frequencies of states for 48 morphological characters and for occurrences in
different environments among species that are monoicous,
dioicous without dwarf males, and dioicous
with obligate or facultative dwarf males. An ambiguous picture emerged
regarding which morphological characters or environmental parameters correlate
with male dwarfism, indicating that dwarf males evolved in phylogenetically
widely spread groups of pleurocarpous mosses that are
not characterized by common characters or environments. Dioicous
species with dwarf males were correlated with broad and imbricate leaves, short
and wide marginal leaf cells, differentiated, but not inflated alar cells that relatively often consist of more than one
cell layer, and patent or recurved upper portions of
the inner perichaetial leaves. Such species were also
more frequent than expected in temperate montane
environments and in non-wetland habitats. Further studies of the evolution of
dwarf males among (pleurocarpous) mosses should in a
first step focus on these characters and environments. Differences between monoicous species and the two dioicous
categories were numerous, including 18 characters between monoicous
and dioicous species with dwarf males and 17 between monoicous and dioicous ones
lacking dwarf males. Species with dwarf males were thus not more similar to monoicous than to dioicous
species lacking dwarf males despite that they are sometimes called ‘pseudautoicous’.